Este artículo indaga acerca de la noción de “trasfondo” (background) en la filosofía de Charles Taylor y busca complementarla con las reflexiones de Hubert Dreyfus. Esta noción busca contrarrestar el representacionismo cognitivo, que tuvo un tremendo impulso con Descartes y que fue perpetuado por la epistemología moderna. El representacionismo, para Taylor, nos abre a antropologías basadas en ontologías de la desvinculación (dualismo y monismo mecanicista) y esta impronta influye decididamente en la filosofía moderna y contemporánea pese a corrientes filosóficas que (...) afirman superarlo. Para Dreyfus, la noción de “trasfondo” se vincula con nuestras prácticas sociales y el polémico Uno heideggeriano (das Man) es su lugar privilegiado de trasmisión; es también aquello que derrumbaría definitivamente el legado representacionista cartesiano. (shrink)

This study aimed to adapt the Flourishing Scale to a Chilean high school context and provide evidence of its validity. Data were collected from 1,348 students from three different Chilean schools. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported a one–factor solution, multiple–group CFA supported gender invariance, and structural equation model indicated that the FS is related to positive and negative academic feelings. Overall, the evidence indicates that the Flourishing Scale adapted to the high school context is an instrument that produces (...) valid and reliable scores in our high school Chilean sample. (shrink)

Este estudio presenta los resultados de un análisis acústico-estadístico de las consonantes fricativas labiodentales e interdentales sonoras y áfonas del mapudungun hablado en Alto Biobío. El propósito de la presente investigación fue determinar si parámetros acústicos espectrales, parámetros de duración y parámetros de amplitud permiten distinguir el punto de articulación y la sonoridad de estos sonidos. Los resultados indicaron que los momentos espectrales, la duración, la amplitud absoluta y la amplitud normalizada permiten diferenciar entre las fricativas sonoras y áfonas; mientras (...) que la varianza, la duración y la amplitud normalizada permiten distinguir las consonantes labiodentales de las interdentales. Sin embargo, la capacidad que la varianza y la duración absoluta muestran para distinguir entre las consonantes sonoras y las áfonas se restringe a las consonantes labiodentales cuando se considera la interacción entre sonoridad con el punto de articulación y sexo del participante. Estos resultados son discutidos a la luz de la literatura sobre la utilidad de este tipo de mediciones acústicas para capturar contrastes de modo, punto y sonoridad, y en vista del estado del arte sobre las características del sistema fonético y fonológico de esta variedad del mapudungun. (shrink)

ObjectiveThe presence of two or more chronic diseases results in worse clinical outcomes than expected by a simple combination of diseases. This synergistic effect is expected to be higher when combined with some conditions, depending on the number and severity of diseases. Multimorbidity is a relatively new term, with the first fundamental definitions appearing in 2015. Studies usually define it as the presence of at least two chronic medical illnesses. However, little is known regarding the relationship between mental disorders and (...) other non-psychiatric chronic diseases. This review aims at investigating the association between some mental disorders and non-psychiatric diseases, and their pattern of association.MethodsWe performed a systematic approach to selecting papers that studied relationships between chronic conditions that included one mental disorder from 2015 to 2021. These were processed using Covidence, including quality assessment.ResultsThis resulted in the inclusion of 26 papers in this study. It was found that there are strong associations between depression, psychosis, and multimorbidity, but recent studies that evaluated patterns of association of diseases had heterogeneous results. Quality assessment of the papers generally revealed low quality among the included studies.ConclusionsThere is evidence of an association between depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychosis with multimorbidity. Studies that tried to examine the patterns of association between diseases did not find stable results.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021216101, identifier: CRD42021216101. (shrink)

Durante la época colonial, en algunos países de Iberoamérica, se desarrolló un movimiento teológico que tuvo como centro el pensamiento escotista. Si bien la complejidad de las ideas de este franciscano abarcó muchos aspectos de las verdades de fe, su impronta se manifestó claramente en un poema escrito por un religioso chileno: Gregorio Farías. Este, siguiendo los parámetros de la épica heroica de corte sacro, dio a luz una obra conocida como la “Scotida”. Allí puso en valor el tema de (...) la Inmaculada Concepción antes de su promulgación dogmática, abordando los ejes que justifica su inclusión en el depósito de la fe. Este estudio analiza los aspectos mariológicos más relevantes de esta obra, anterior a la bula Innefabilis Deus.Durante la época colonial, en algunos países de Iberoamérica, se desarrolló un movimiento teológico que tuvo como centro el pensamiento escotista. Si bien la complejidad de las ideas de este franciscano abarcó muchos aspectos de las verdades de fe, su impronta se manifestó claramente en un poema escrito por un religioso chileno: Gregorio Farías. Este, siguiendo los parámetros de la épica heroica de corte sacro, dio a luz una obra conocida como la “Scotida”. Allí puso en valor el tema de la Inmaculada Concepción antes de su promulgación dogmática, abordando los ejes que justifica su inclusión en el depósito de la fe. Este estudio analiza los aspectos mariológicos más relevantes de esta obra, anterior a la bula Innefabilis Deus. (shrink)

El objetivo de nuestra investigación es determinar el impacto de hábitos alimenticios en el desempeño académico. Fue evaluada los hábitos alimenticios según instrumentos validados y establecido su normalidad con Shapiro-Wilk W=0.97 y significancia p-valor=0.34. Tenemos que el consumo alimenticio también tiene distribución normal e impacta en el desempeño académico con una correlación de Pearson de 0.24 y significancia p-valor=0.04. La regresión logística establece el punto de corte de consumo igual a 38 para tener la probabilidad de un 50% de buen (...) desempeño académico. Asimismo, la estimación puntual de desempeño académico correspondiente a este corte de consumo 38 es el puntaje de 14. (shrink)

Como se ensina filosofia? Pergunta preciosa que abre precedentes para um longo e árduo caminho. Para isso não há resposta pronta, não está escrito e nem determinado, mas é preciso percorrer todo o caminho, pois a própria pergunta “Pode a filosofia ser ensinada?” já é uma pergunta filosófica e respondê-la significa entrar nos meandros da filosofia e em que consiste uma educação filosófica. A tentativa de responder à questão, deixa outra questão no ar: Existe tal arte de ensinar? Se ela (...) existe, então também existe seu artífice e seu objeto. Como diz Platão em A República, “cada arte foi feita para procurar e fornecer a cada um o que lhe convém por natureza”.. Se tomarmos o mestre como o artífice e o discípulo como objeto deste ensino, devemos ter em mente que a arte de ensinar é conveniente ao discípulo e não ao mestre. O mestre, portanto, é instrumento para que se possa ensinar tal arte ao discípulo. Se a filosofia é uma arte ensinável, então é preciso verificar a existência de tal mestre para ensiná-la. A dialética tem um papel de, através de seus cortes, encontrar a verdade a ser proferida no discurso da alma. O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre o ensino, seu instrumento e seu objeto a partir do pensamento da Antiguidade grega, mais especificamente, da obra de Platão e de suas implicações sobre o ensino de filosofia. Palavras-chave: Platão. Educação filosófica. Dialética. Discurso amoroso. Phármakon. (shrink)

In this text, we ask if analogy can enable a dialogue between religion and the social sciences. To do so, we focus in the conflict between the biblical understanding of man as a created being and the notion of human nature as a social construct. Although there seems to be a fundamental dispute in social constructivism between nature and freedom (Ian Hacking), we consider analogical reasoning (Mauricio Beuchot) enables anthropological views, like Philip Hefner’s, that include central aspects of the (...) doctrine of creation and understand nature and freedom as complementary human features, thus allowing the desired dialogue. (shrink)

Resumen: Esta investigación busca dar cuenta de los espacios que habitan los personajes del cuento Alegres, libres y ruidosas de Pedro Juan Gutiérrez. Mediante los detalles que nos entrega el narrador, revisaremos los “operadores tonales”, estableciendo los enunciados descriptivos y los detalles inherentes a ellos, en cuanto a la composición de los personajes, así como el tipo de espacio en que se realizan, construyendo una identidad transgresora bajo la perspectiva de la poética de lo soez. En este sentido, los personajes (...) serán “máquinas deseantes” que irrumpen en la realidad con un flujo sistemático de líquidos descompuestos que arrastran residuos políticos, éticos y estéticos presentes en la Cuba contemporánea. Así, podríamos hablar de un sexo eminentemente político que no se presenta denotativamente en el cuento sino en las metáforas construidas por aquellos operadores que fijan el “tono” del relato. Por último, postulamos que los detalles funcionan como “pistas” de una historia secreta que funciona bajo la historia visible que se narra en el cuento.: This research seeks to explain the spaces inhabited by characters from the story Alegres, libres y ruidosas by Pedro Juan Gutiérrez. Thoughout the details provided by the narrator, we will review “tone operators”, determining their descriptive and inherent statements, concerning characters, the space in which they are realized by building a transgressor identity under the view poetics of the vulgar. In this sense, the characters are "desiring machines" that burst into reality with a systematic flow of decomposed liquids that drag political, ethical and aesthetic residues present in contemporary Cuba. Thus, we could speak of an eminently political sex that does not occur denotatively in the story but in the metaphors constructed by those operators who fix the "tone" of the story. Finally, we postulate that the details function as "clues" of a secret story that works under the visible story told in the tale. (shrink)

This article reads some familiar examples of contemporary visual arts, such as Cindy Sherman, Mona Hatoum, Robert Gober, John Miller, Eva Hesse, Orlan and Robert Mapplethorpe, by engaging with diff...

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

Jorge Mpodozis presents natural drift as an organism-centered view of biological evolution. Currently, many other research programs in biology and philosophy of biology pursue organismic perspectives in evolution. We consider some of the features appearing in the article in this light in order to highlight what is special in Mpodozis’s proposal. We contend that collaborations among research programs would be valuable and suggest that the major contribution of natural drift for organismic projects lies in its dynamic organizational features.

O Brasil é o país com a maior população católica. A evolução de variáveis socioeconômicas na década de 1990, aí incluindo casamentos, fertilidade, renda, moradia entre outras, revelam que nenhuma mudou tanto quanto a composição religiosa da população brasileira. O Censo é a base de dados mais usada nos estudos no tema, porém, as estatísticas estão hoje paradas no Censo 2000. A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2009 – POF/IBGE permite medir a religiosidade brasileira recente detalhando subgrupos religiosos com classificação comparável (...) a do Censo e possibilidade de cruzamentos com uma gama maior de variáveis. Este estudo processa microdados da POF de 2003 e 2009, quando o contexto econômico difere das décadas anteriores, permitindo estudar as relações entre economia e religiosidade num contexto de expansão. Mostramos que: i) há velocidade de queda do catolicismo dez vezes mais rápida do que a observada entre 1872 e 1980, mas similar à dos anos 1990, embora as novas filiações sejam não apenas nos grupos evangélicos pentecostais, mas mais nos protestantes tradicionais; ii) ao contrário dos países europeus mais católicos que vivem contração econômica (PIIGS), as localidades brasileiras mais católicas vivem expansão mais forte que as demais; iii) os brasileiros se mostram na mediana de frequência a cultos religiosos em 150 países; iv) as mulheres, embora mais religiosas que os homens, tornaram-se menos católicas; v) os jovens mostram uma fuga mais acelerada do catolicismo. Palavras-chave: Religião. Economia. Max Weber. Mapa das Religiões no Brasil.Brazil is the country with the biggest Catholic population in the world. The evolution of socio-economic variables during the 1990s such as marriage, fertility, incomes, housing among others, revealed that no other variable changed as much as the religious composition of Brazilian population. Demographic Census is the mostly widely used survey in religious studies. However, these statistics are today only available until 2000. Microdata from national Family Expenditure Surveys (POF/IBGE) allow us to measure the recent Brazilian religious evolution by detailing religious subgroups and also by exploring a richer array of correlated variables. This study processes microdata from POF in 2003 and 2009 when the economic context differs from the previous decades. It allows us to study the relation between economy and religion during a boom. This article aims to show that: i) The speed of the fall in Catholicism in Brazil is two times faster than the one observed in 1990, although similar to the one observed in the 1990s; the destinies of the Catholics however are less the Pentecostal Evangelicals and more the Traditional Protestants. ii) In contrast to major European Catholic countries that are facing a recession, the Brazilian localities with a catholic population have experienced an economic expansion. iii) Brazilians are on the World median in terms of attendance to religious activities. iv) Although females are more religious than males, they are less catholic. v) There is a faster reduction of Catholics among the youth in Brazil. Key words: Religion. Economy. Max Weber. Maps of Religions in Brazil. (shrink)

A current issue in psycholinguistic research is whether the language difficulties exhibited by children with developmental language disorder [DLD, previously labeled specific language impairment ] are due to deficits in their abilities to pick up patterns in the sensory environment, an ability known as statistical learning, and the extent to which explicit learning mechanisms can be used to compensate for those deficits. Studies designed to test the compensatory role of explicit learning mechanisms in children with DLD are, however, scarce, and (...) the few conducted so far have led to inconsistent results. This work aimed to provide new insights into the role that explicit learning mechanisms might play on implicit learning deficits in children with DLD by resorting to a new approach. This approach involved not only the collection of event-related potentials, while preschool children with DLD [relative to typical language developmental controls] were exposed to a continuous auditory stream made of the repetition of three-syllable nonsense words but, importantly, the collection of ERPs when the same children performed analogous versions of the same auditory SL task first under incidental and afterward under intentional conditions. In each of these tasks, the level of predictability of the three-syllable nonsense words embedded in the speech streams was also manipulated to mimic natural languages closely. At the end of both tasks’ exposure phase, children performed a two-alternative forced-choice task from which behavioral evidence of SL was obtained. Results from the 2-AFC tasks failed to show reliable signs of SL in both groups of children. The ERPs data showed, however, significant modulations in the N100 and N400 components, taken as neural signatures of word segmentation in the brain, even though a detailed analysis of the neural responses revealed that only children from the TLD group seem to have taken advantage of the previous knowledge to enhance SL functioning. These results suggest that children with DLD showed deficits both in implicit and explicit learning mechanisms, casting doubts on the efficiency of the interventions relying on explicit instructions to help children with DLD to overcome their language difficulties. (shrink)

En este número se aborda el tema de los retos actuales de la educación inclusiva. La forma de enfocarlos es diversa: vínculo con la comunidad, neuropedagogía, evaluación, discapacidad, vulnerabilidad, etc. Veamos algunos de estos planteamientos.

This study investigated whether the encoding and retrieval of plurality information and letter-case information of words in recognition memory can be inhibited. Response-deadline experiments using single words have indicted a controlled processing mode, whereas studies using meaningful sentences have indicated an automatic mode of processing plurality information. Two similar opposing views have existed on the processing of letter-case information. The abstractionist view contends that we retain the abstract lexical information and discard the superficial perceptual case information. The proceduralist view holds (...) that perceptual details cannot be separated from the lexical information. Using an intentional and an attention-diverted learning procedure and instructions to ignore plurality and case, we found that subjects experienced a consistent interference effect of changed plurality from study to test but slightly less interference from changed case, suggesting strong automaticity for plurality, and comparatively less automaticity, for case processing. (shrink)

El Pachallampe o Raymi de la siembra se celebra anualmente en Socoroma, norte de Chile. El repertorio de prácticas escénicas involucrado en esta celebración crea y transmite memoria social y conocimiento andino en actos y en presencia. No es esta una escena que pueda ser estudiada exclusivamente a partir del archivo y desde conceptualizaciones asociadas al término teatro. En el Pachallampe, el repertorio hace visible un conjunto de estrategias decoloniales transmitidas de generación en generación a partir del lenguaje de las (...) artes y de un protocolo ritual. Allí, la ley del Ayni o ley de la reciprocidad prevalece por sobre las relaciones económicas y sociales basadas en la privatización del recurso productivo y del territorio. Por otra parte, el culto a la divinidad universal aymara, Pachamama, y a los dioses tutelares ocupa un lugar de destacada importancia en relación con las imágenes cristianas que presiden la fiesta. The Pachallampe or Raymi of the sowing is held annually in Socoroma, northern Chile. The repertoire of performance practices involved in this celebration creates and transmits social memory and Andean knowledge in gatherings and in presence. This is not a scene that can only be studied from the archive and from conceptualizations associated with the term theater. In the Pachallampe, the repertoire reveals a set of decolonial strategies transmitted from generation to generation from the language of the arts and a ritual protocol. There, the Ayni law or reciprocity law prevails over economic and social relations based on the privatization of productive resources and territory. Moreover, the Aymara cult of the universal divinity Pachamama and the tutelary gods occupy a place of major importance in relation to the Christian images that govern the party. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a driving force in modern research, industry and public administration and the European Union (EU) is embracing this technology with a view to creating societal, as well as economic, value. This effort has been shared by EU Member States which were all encouraged to develop their own national AI strategies outlining policies and investment levels. This study focuses on how EU Member States are approaching the promise to develop and use AI for the good of (...) society through the lens of their national AI strategies. In particular, we aim to investigate how European countries are investing in AI and to what extent the stated plans contribute to the good of people and society as a whole. Our contribution consists of three parts: (i) a conceptualization of AI for social good highlighting the role of AI policy, in particular, the one put forward by the European Commission (EC); (ii) a qualitative analysis of 15 European national strategies mapping investment plans and suggesting their relation to the social good (iii) a reflection on the current status of investments in socially good AI and possible steps to move forward. Our study suggests that while European national strategies incorporate money allocations in the sphere of AI for social good (e.g. education), there is a broader variety of underestimated actions (e.g. multidisciplinary approach in STEM curricula and dialogue among stakeholders) that can boost the European commitment to sustainable and responsible AI innovation. (shrink)

La eterna cuestión de la justicia ocupa un lugar central en la cosmovisión que Dante expresa alegórica e icónicamente en la Divina Comedia. La encontramos como atributo de Dios que da a cada uno según sus méritos, pero cuyo Amor le mueve a conmiserarse de los hombres, pues la justicia de las obras humanas no puede alcanzar a su Creador según igualdad, ni puede a restituir todo lo que de Él recibe y le es debido. La justicia también traspasa todos (...) los círculos por los que transita el peregrinar de Dante y da razones del estado de las aquellas almas que encuentra no sólo en el infierno, sino también en el purgatorio, en el limbo y en el paraíso. Un análisis global de la justicia dantiana pone a la luz la profunda huella de la tradición teológico-bíblica cristiana, de la filosofía clásica —sobre todo aristotélica—, así como la síntesis de ambas en el legado de Santo Tomás de Aquino, a quien Dante destaca entre los sabios del Paraíso —adelantándose así al que, unos años después, será el parecer de la propia Iglesia. Dante Alighieri hace suyo el magisterio filosófico-moral de Santo Tomás y ello se pone muy de manifiesto en lo que se refiere a la concepción dantiana de la justicia. (shrink)

Offering a contemporary perspective on the theory of modernity that differentiates it from its predecessors, this reconstruction has been expanded to include a fourth instrumental aspect. In addition to the recognition of the three parts of traditional modernity—freedom, equality, and solidarity—that follow the basic ideas of the constitutional revolutions of the 18th century, this updated vision introduces responsibility. Concerning itself with what the sociology of development, risk, and ecological crisis have added to these classical ideas, the addition of the fourth (...) part, responsibility, seeks to recognize the experiences of successive eras, and the 20th century in particular. (shrink)

The family of discounted Shapley values is analyzed for cooperative games in coalitional form. We consider the bargaining protocol of the alternating random proposer introduced in Hart and Mas-Colell. We demonstrate that the discounted Shapley values arise as the expected payoffs associated with the bargaining equilibria when a time discount factor is considered. In a second model, we replace the time cost with the probability that the game ends without agreements. This model also implements these values in transferable utility games, (...) moreover, the model implements the α\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha $$\end{document}-consistent values in the nontransferable utility setting. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta una descripción fonético-fonológica del criollo haitiano hablado por hablantes nativos de esta lengua residentes en la Provincia de Concepción. Para la elicitación de los datos se utilizó una lista léxica de 133 ítems y, en algunas ocasiones, un set de imágenes _ad hoc_. La muestra estuvo constituida por seis colaboradores (cuatro de sexo masculino y dos de sexo femenino). El marco de referencia teórico-metodológico es el (neo)distribucionalismo, utilizado habitualmente en la descripción de vernáculos en Chile. Algunas conclusiones (...) prominentes de este artículo son las siguientes: la abertura y nasalización tienen estatus fonémico en algunas vocales (/e, o/, versus / ɛ, ɔ /; /a, e, o/ versus /ã, ẽ, õ/), existe una alta alofonía en algunas consonantes (por ejemplo, en los fonemas /p, t, k/), hay una oposición fonológica entre consonante fricativas sordas y fricativas sonoras (/f/ versus /v/, /s/ versus /z/ y / ʃ / versus / ʒ /), y no hay realizaciones aproximantes de los fonemas oclusivos sonoros. (shrink)

O presente artigo aborda a dupla tarefa da teoria do conhecimento nas “Cinco Lições” de Edmund Husserl: a tarefa crítica denuncia o contrasenso inerente aos tipos de ceticismo em relação ao conhecimento; a tarefa positiva promove a pergunta pela essência do conhecimento. O artigo destaca que a dupla tarefa da teoria do conhecimento é o que determina o itinerário das “Cinco Lições”. O artigo revela, por fim, que a teoria do conhecimento equipara-se a uma fenomenologia do conhecimento, e o que (...) vale para esta fenomenologia valerá para a fenomenologia em geral. (shrink)

Resumen: El siguiente trabajo pretende analizar la categoría de “romanticismo político” desarrollada por el filósofo alemán Carl Schmitt, aplicando su acepción de “política romántica” al caso del poeta-político chileno Guillermo Matta Goyenechea. Por medio de términos tales como imaginación, lenguaje cósmico, progreso moral, democracia, entre otros, este poeta-político articuló su discurso social durante el periodo de 1853 a 1858, como elementos de disputa con el poder regente bajo la intención de reformar la sociedad chilena de su época.: The present work (...) had the purpose of defining the category of "political romanticism" developed by the German philosopher Carl Schmitt, applying its meaning of "romantic politics" to the case of the Chilean political poet Guillermo Matta Goyenechea. Through the terms stories such as imagination, cosmic language, moral progress, democracy, among others, this poet-politician articulated his social discourse during the period from 1853 to 1858, as elements of dispute with the ruling power under the intention of reforming the chilean society of his time. (shrink)

In this article, we outline a simple and intuitively appealing procedure to derive default priors. The main idea is to regard the choice of such a prior as a formal Bayesian decision problem. We also discuss Jeffreys prior and more generally the reference prior of Bernardo (J R Stat Soc B 41:113–147, 1979) from this standpoint.

Landscapes are shaped over time by the changing imaginaries that result from new representations of nature and the value associated with it. This paper discusses the evolving discourses which have shaped the perception of the landscape in two socially and ecologically significant contexts in Chile. The first is the central-southern region of the country, a large portion of which is now devoted to commercial forestry plantations. The second is the Patagonia-Aysén region, where since the 1990s, colonisation of a land defined (...) by a tradition of livestock rearing has evolved into a process epitomised by the slogan “Aysén, Life Reserve”. The representation that was made of central-southern Chile in the 50 'and 60' as a deforested and degraded land was the justification for promoting a new form of land occupation: the monoculture forest, designed and executed by a specific law. Forty years on from the passing of this law, the plantations of central-southern Chile have undergone a process of naturalisation. In this case, the exaltation of nature has been permanent. The only thing that changes is the definition of nature, which ended up including forest plantations. In Patagonia-Aysén, by the other side, there has been a marked shift in the rhetoric surrounding land. This has been particularly noticeable in the case of government bodies and private ecotourism companies, which have constructed an imaginary in line with a new model of economic development for the area. In a break with tradition, both the public and private sectors are beginning to shift their investment away from agricultural and livestock exploitation and towards ecotourism and conservation projects. In both cases, we analyse the manner in which transformations in perceptions and representations of landscape bring about new forms of land use, and how new focuses of value and social interest, forged within wider environmental discourses, have brought with them unexpected social consequences, like depopulation, economic transformations, cultural changes, etc. Thus, the aim of this work is to expose and discuss the reality and scope of new green discourses and their influence on the perception of natural landscapes in the Chilean neoliberal context. (shrink)

Linkage of population-based administrative data is a valuable tool for combining detailed individual-level information from different sources for research. While not a substitute for classical studies based on primary data collection, analyses of linked administrative data can answer questions that require large sample sizes or detailed data on hard-to-reach populations, and generate evidence with a high level of external validity and applicability for policy making. There are unique challenges in the appropriate research use of linked administrative data, for example with (...) respect to bias from linkage errors where records cannot be linked or are linked together incorrectly. For confidentiality and other reasons, the separation of data linkage processes and analysis of linked data is generally regarded as best practice. However, the ‘black box’ of data linkage can make it difficult for researchers to judge the reliability of the resulting linked data for their required purposes. This article aims to provide an overview of challenges in linking administrative data for research. We aim to increase understanding of the implications of the data linkage environment and privacy preservation; the linkage process itself and linkage quality and potential bias in linked data. We draw on examples from a number of countries to illustrate a range of approaches for data linkage in different contexts. (shrink)

Diversas investigaciones han mostrado que la tematización de la autoconciencia no es un exclusiva de la filosofía moderna. Plotino es tal vez el primero en haber reflexionado sobre las cuestiones fundamentales de una teoría de la autoconciencia y, ello, en confrontación con el escepticismo de Sexto Empírico. La autoconciencia es propia de la hipóstasis del nous como unidad diferenciada de Inteligencia, Inteligible e Intelección que, sin embargo, se constituye a sí misma en su vano intento de aprehender la Unidad absolutamente (...) simple del Uno. El artículo examina una reciente objeción a Plotino según la cual él se limitaría a describir en qué medida se puede reconstruir la Inteligencia como anterior a la relación, pero no resuelve la paradoja sobre la posibilidad de que de una relación resulte una identidad. (shrink)

Some doctors and nurses played a key role in Nazism. They were responsible for the sterilization and murder of people with disabilities. Nazi doctors used concentration camp inmates as guinea pigs in medical experiments that had military or racial objectives. What we have learnt about the behaviour of doctors and nurses during the Nazi period enables us to reflect on several issues in present-day medicine. In some authors' opinions, the teaching of the medical aspects of the Holocaust could be a (...) new model for education relating to professionalism, Human Rights, Bioethics and the respect of diversity. Teaching Medicine and the Holocaust could be a way of informing doctors and nurses of violations of Ethics in the past. Moreover, a Study Trip to Holocaust and Medicine related sites has a strong pedagogical value. Visiting Holocaust related sites, T4 centres and the places where medical experiments were carried out, has a special meaning for medical students. Additionally, tolerance, anti-discrimination, and the value of human life can be both taught and learned through this curriculum. The following article recounts our experiences of organizing and supervising a study trip with a group of medical students to some Holocaust and medicine-related sites in Berlin and Hadamar. The study tour included lectures at universities in Düsseldorf and Berlin. (shrink)